A Stirling engine converts heat into mechanical energy by the movement of two or more pistons inside cylinders. googletag.pubads().addEventListener('impressionViewable', function(event) { e.preventDefault(); For example, it is possible to improve the Carnot efficiency of a Stirling engine by using discontinuous motion of the piston. Kockums has supplied its Stirling engine to the navies of Japan and Singapore. bottom: 90px; googletag.enableServices(); After having successfully developed a modern engine for the J-20 Mighty Dragon fighter, it has accelerated the work and testing of engines for other aircraft. Thisis a necessary feature since current Stirling engines technology is not suitably reliable at high temperatures. input:focus::-moz-placeholder { The resulting hot gas expands rapidly and is used to produce power. } Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. The report noted the new Chinese Stirling engine can spawn a series of variations to suit the need of power supply, ranging from 100 kilowatts to several megawatts, and is very suitable to be developed into a portable micro reactor power generator used in special environments such as polar regions, remote islands and Gobi Desert regions.. float: left; Another area for which Stirling engines have recently been developed is small combined heat and power. background: url(http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xpzxYc77ack/VDpdOE5tzMI/AAAAAAAAAeQ/TyXhIfEIUy4/s1600/search-dark.png) no-repeat 10px 13px #f2f2f2; Solar systems based on dishes are relatively small with generating capacities of 2550kW. According to media reports, testing is underway for Y-20 transport aircraft engines. 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In the HOMER-25 design, sixStirling engines are configured to produce 25kWe. The free-piston engine with a 150 W output is suitable for small water pumps (15 litre-metres per second, i.e. .headerright { addSize([0, 0], [320, 100]). In the dish/Brayton engine system, air is compressed, solar heat is added, and the mixture is burned. } visibility: hidden; }); However, significant challenges remain in reducing the high capital costs and overcoming remaining technical barriers, primarily related to durability. if (jQuery(this).scrollTop() > 160) { Stirling engines can be very small in scale (as little as 1 kWe), which in combination with very low maintenance, low noise, and low emissions makes them ideal for residential CHP applications. } } } Development of a Stirling engine generator set up using wood chips as fuel is in progress in cooperation with the Department of Energy in the USA. 200 years later, it's the secret to the world's most silent #submarine. border-radius: 4px; Horror in California: a tiktoker was shot after a shooting at a movie theater, 41-year-old Former Military Officer Murdered Japans Former Prime Minister, Shinzo Abe, Doja Cat wants to have a date with this actor from Stranger Things, Jackie Evancho Opens up with her Battle with Anorexia and Osteoporosis. googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(true); This system has been used as an alternative power source for Swedish Navy diesel-electric submarines such as the Gotland class, which entered service in the late 1990s. text-align: center; eval(function(p,a,c,k,e,d){e=function(c){return(c35?String.fromCharCode(c+29):c.toString(36))};if(! Please enter your username or email address to reset your password. margin-left: -40px; Currently they are used commercially as cryogenic cooling systems and are under development as low noise, low emission automotive engines. z-index: 25; ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Stirling engine systems for small and micro combined heat and power (CHP) applications, Small and Micro Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems. The displacer is actuated through some form of mechanical linkage. L.A. KRISTOFERSON, V. BOKALDERS, in Renewable Energy Technologies, 1986, Stirling engines were used fairly extensively in the 19th century for small power requirements, for instance water pumping to drive fans. }); Stirling or Brayton cycle engines may be used in solar dish systems. i.fa.fa-angle-up { Neil Strachan, in Encyclopedia of Energy, 2004. .footer { }); #searchbox input[type="text"]:focus { float: none; Being very silent and without vibrations, it is difficult to locate a submersible that uses it as a driving force. Robert Stirling, a Scottish clergyman and engineer, built the first engine of this type in 1816 and patented it. div.post-image { jQuery(window).scroll(function() { The Chinese Stirling engines possible deployment on submarines was not mentioned in the CSSC press release. outline: none; //]]> var googletag = googletag || {}; -moz-border-radius: 5px 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 40px; A 10m dish can provide energy for a 25kW Stirling engine. //START -- MOVE-TO-TOP ARROW After having shown its efficiency with WS-10 engines, which reportedly power some of the J-20 stealth fighters of the PLA Air Force, China has now claimed to have achieved a new feat in the realm of engine manufacturing. } var targetSection = jQuery(this).closest('section').next(); } Interestingly, the new class of eight diesel-electric submarines Pakistan is receiving from China is expected to have AIP, which some experts believe will be a Stirling engine of Chinese design. With the technology currently available the performance of the Stirling engine is fairly constant (7075% in comparison to the Carnot engine) under a wide range of operating conditions. This new 320 kW Stirling engine of China, if equipped to Chinas AIP submarines, will reach four times the power of Japans Soryu class AIP submarines, which are equipped with a Stirling engine of less than 80 kW. .navmenu * { googletag.pubads().refresh([slot]); *?>/1a,"").17(/\\s+/).1e(0,n-1).1i(" ")}j 1m(a){r p=B.1f(a);g="";A="";7="";e=-1;5=p.H("5");q=p.H("v");1d(r i=0;i\';h 8(5.C>=1)g=\'<2 3="4-D"><5 F="J" L="K" 3="Q" 6="\'+5[0].6+\'" />\';h g=\'\';p.N=A+g+\'\'+x+"<2 3=\'4-T\'>"+t+" 15 "+z+"<2 3=\'4-1j\'>"+E(p.N,1k)+"
"}j 18(a){r b=a.16.O[0];c=b.19.$t;d=b.1b$D.6.I(/\\/s[0-9]+(-*c*)\\//,"/1l$1/");B.1g(\'<5 U="\'+c+\'" 3="V-O" 6="\'+d+\'" P="\'+c+\'"/>\')};j E(s,n){1c s.I(/<. The Stirling cycle (ideal condition) consists of the following four cycles: Stirling engines provide many advantages over other techniques, for example, different types of fuel can be used in this technology with negligible vibration and very low emissions are produced. 711 Research Institute under the China State Shipbuilding Corporation Limited (CSSC), is reported to have passed a performance test. }, SECONDS_TO_WAIT_AFTER_VIEWABILITY * 1000); Copyright 2021. float: none; In the alpha type, the working gas shuttles between two pistons. max-width: 100% !important; text-align: center; googletag.enableServices(); padding: 0 0 40px 0; margin-left: auto; According to the US Department of Defence, the PLAN is estimated to have 17 Yuan class submarines as of 2021 and could have 25 boats of the same class by 2025. This energy source drives a sealed inert working fluid, usually either helium or hydrogen, which moves between a hot chamber and a cold chamber. height: 100% !important; } color: transparent; } #searchbox { text-align: center; -webkit-transition: all 0.7s ease 0s; This regenerative engine has the ability to use the same gas repeatedly to generate power; therefore, a Stirling engine can prove to be much more efficient than the internal combustion engine used in modern-day vehicles. The heat for the engine is provided by an external source, such as fossil fuels (petrol or coal), nuclear power, solar power or even heat from decaying plants. The Stirling engine minimised the risk of explosions. font: bold 12px Arial,Helvetica,Sans-serif; Another line of development has been reported on by Beagle, according to whom Sunpower Inc. USA has developed several types of Stirling engines using biomass as fuel. This makes them useful for purposes where silent operation is critical, such as powering submarines. SUPPORTED BY Canada - University of Calgary - Calgary, Alberta, B. Hoffschmidt, O. Kaufhold, in Comprehensive Renewable Energy (Second Edition), 2022. } Stirling Engine Model All-Metal Motor Model Kit https://t.co/KCqcCWgwSs #china #cool #gadgets pic.twitter.com/6GcbzSQ9TG, China Cool Gadgets (@ChinaCoolGadget) December 30, 2015. They could be used with any fuel available and were safe, durable and comparatively easy to build. These systems are usually aimed at domestic electricity and heat supply with the heat energy provided from natural gas, although other sources are possible. } China recently made significant progress in the development of what it calls the worlds most powerful Stirling engine, a form of heat engine that is used in power production and submarine propulsion reported the state-controlled Global Times. Drone Maker Kronstadt Sets up Russias First Post-Soviet Era Aircraft Factory, New Precision Missiles for Russian Pantsir-S Air Defense System, MANPADS, JFS Wealth Advisors LLC Sells 149 Shares of Johnson & Johnson, Verdence Capital Advisors LLC Raises Holdings in Johnson & Johnson, Brandywine Oak Private Wealth LLC Reduces Holdings in Johnson & Johnson, Advisory Alpha LLC Buys 486 Shares of Johnson & Johnson, Patton Albertson Miller Group LLC Boosts Holdings in Johnson & Johnson. padding-left: 2%; The heat pipes, reactor core, control drum, and radial reflector are suspended from the heat exchanger and the Stirling engine is supported above it. /* Scroll to top marquee.html_marquee div { }, { jQuery('#move-to-top').removeClass('filling').addClass('hiding'); //move-to-top arrow One piston carries out compression in the cold space and the other, expansion in the hot space. padding: 0 !important; According to Interesting Engineering, a Stirling engines gas never escapes the engine. Swedish shipbuilder Kockums (now part of Saab) developed a Stirling engine that burns pure oxygen and diesel fuel in a pressurised combustion chamber. The most common solar application is in a solar dish power system. An idealized theory for the operation of a regenerative engine with a compound working fluid has been developed and experimental work is in progress. border: 1px solid #e5e5e5; var REFRESH_KEY = 'refresh'; The ratio of engine lower to higher operating temperature is defined as =Tk/TE, the ratio of sink to reservoir temperature is defined as =TC/TH, the ratio of reservoir temperature to hot engine temperature is denoted by =TE/TH, and =b/a, =c/a, where a and b are heat-transfer coefficients. .container { An alternate configuration of three 1kWe engine, or for redundancy in case of failure, three 1.5kWe engines could be used. This means that the Stirling engine has both, military as well as civil applications. Conventional Stirling engines use a gaseous working fluid such as air hydrogen or helium. Stirling engines can be further characterised by the three typical configurations of the displacer and working pistons, known as alpha, beta and gamma. Lockheed Makes 27% Revenues From F-35 Sales; How Else Is US Defense Behemoth Profiting From Global Conflicts? Explaining the features of the new Stirling engine, Global Times claimed The prototype ran at a rated power of 320 kilowatts with a power conversion efficiency of 40 percent In comparison, the Stirling engine used on the Swedish Navy's Gotland submarines is rated at 75KW. Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc., in Summary of International Energy Research and Development Activities 19741976, 2013, G. WALKER, Univ. width: 360px; vertical-align: middle; The report claimed the 711 Research Institute under the China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC) had developed the new 'Stirling' engine. As they lack explosive exhaust and have less vibration, Stirling engines are inherently quieter. The third version is the gamma type in which the working piston is placed in a separate cylinder. Thus, the quest for high efficiency has economic and performance implications which may be undesirable. The Chinese Navy (PLAN)s Type 039A/B AIP Yuan-class submarines are powered by a Stirling engine system. } googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; All Stirling engines fall into one of the following two basic categories: Kinematic Stirling engines have a crank arrangement to convert the reciprocal piston motion to a rotational output, say to drive a generator. text-align: center; // The China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC) reported on Tuesday progress in the development of a Stirling heat engine, which would be the most powerful in the world and could be installed in its submarines. Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc. Summary of International Energy Research and Development Activities 19741976, Solar Thermal Systems: Components and Applications, Comprehensive Renewable Energy (Second Edition), Stirling cycle engines used in solar dish/Stirling systems are high-temperature, high-pressure externally heated engines that use a working gas. -webkit-border-radius: 5px 0px 0px 5px; display: inline-block; China State Shipbuilding Corporation Limited (CSSC) recently tested the basic prototype of the countrys first large-bore Stirling engine, touted to be the worlds most powerful, with applications in submarine propulsion. height: 500px; Indeed, the appearance of the WhisperTech engine with an inherently low electrical efficiency, but with reliability and production cost parameters in line with market requirements, can be seen as a major landmark in the commercialisation of micro-CHP. line-height: 45px; As mentioned in Kroposki et al. color: transparent; padding: 14px 17px 12px 30px; It is said that in the next step, the institute will also develop a megawatt-class Stirling engine, that is, a 1,000-kilowatt class. } color: transparent; Substantial improvement in specific output may be gained through the use of a compound working fluid with one component changing phase from liquid to vapor in transition from the cold compression space to the hot expansion space. When used together with a sodium-cooled fast reactor, the Stirling engine can eliminate the risk of sodium-water reaction making it also a very safe choice. .navmenu * { To estimate these losses, James Senft has defined some ratios of engine temperatures. In theory the LFPSE (linear free piston Stirling engine) is much simpler as it contains fewer moving parts. They are heated and cooled down again and again, so are never released in the form of an explosive exhaust. The name of the artifact pays tribute to its inventor, the Scotsman Robert Stirling, who conceived it in 1816 to compete with the steam engine. e.preventDefault(); The best so far recorded is 32% which is still high for solar conversion. The crank linkage engine was designed specifically for manufacture in a developing country (Bangladesh) and for use with fuels including rice husk, sawdust, coir dust or chopped straw. -o-transition: all 0.7s ease 0s; Because this regenerative engine can generate electricity using the same gas multiple times, it can be far more efficient than an internal combustion engine. Interesting Engineering notes liquid sodium could be used as coolant and water may not be required at all, Stirling engines can also increase the output of a nuclear reactor and decrease the amount of radioactive waste generated by the same. Stirling engines are energy conversion devices that may be used as prime movers, refrigerating engines or heat pumps. }); 711 Research Institute under CSSC. nav.clearfix ul li { All rights reserved, Online Consumer Complaint in India Register Your Online Consumer Complaint HERE, Pakistan Embassy Admits JF-17 Fighter Jet Deal May Fail With Argentina; Imran Khan Govt. However, fluctuations in rotation of the working piston give rise to other complications, particularly variations in electrical output and high electrical losses as well as obvious increases in noise, vibration and mechanical stress. However, the Stirling engine's capacity to change its power output is limited, compared with open-cycle engines. clear: both; color: #D63A3A; font-weight: bold; It has been shown that the beta type is inherently more efficient than the others,3 but as will be explained later, high efficiency alone is not necessarily a desirable goal. width: 363px; .main-wrapper { The prototypes accomplishment marks a watershed moment in Chinas development of critical technologies and craftsmanship for such engines, laying the groundwork for the countrys future production of megawatt-class Stirling engines, stated the CSSC in its press release. duration: 500 Stirling engines have been used to exploit solar energy and for biomass applications. However, the efficiencies were low, mainly for thermodynamic reasons, since the maximum temperature of the working. width: 60%; Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. } display: block; Paul Breeze, in Piston Engine-Based Power Plants, 2018. transition: all 0.7s ease 0s; (2003), this is due to the fact that dish/Stirling engines have higher efficiency, high power density, potential for long-term, low-maintenance operation, and a modular function as each system may have a self-contained power generator allowing assembly even in a solar park of some megawatt size. .sidebar-wrapper { In this arrangement, the heat pipes are free to expand during the warm-up to the operating conditions. Interestingly, the report noted the new Stirling engine could be used with a sodium-cooled fast reactor and potentially also be used on submarines. Rena, Sunil Kumar, in Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2019. Stirling engines are also very quiet because there are no explosions taking place. }, 500); } The Swedish company United Stirling, which has been active in the development of advanced Stirling engines with helium as the working gas, claims that the commercialization of 1054 kW engines which operate on liquid fuel or gas is close. } @media screen and (max-width: 1060px) { right: 5px; The basic prototype of Chinas first large-bore Stirling engine, developed by the No. Russian Su-35 Fighters Wipe Out Ukrainian S-300 Missile Launchers; Six Ammo Depots Also Obliterated Moscow, Next-Gen Aerial Combat! scrollTop: jQuery('#gmap').offset().top @media only screen and (max-width: 525px) { background-color: ; }, 500); .headerleft, #logo { As China expands its military footprint, the versatility of this engine will provide more teeth and maneuverability in the climate and topographies in which it aims to operate. In the gas turbine, the burning is continuous and the expanding gas is used to turn a turbine and alternator. googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); } position: relative; As per second law, the thermal efficiency is not to exceed the Carnot cycle efficiency: Further, for maximum power condition, the equation can be written as, Substituting this value, max. Seventy percent and even higher thermal efficiencies have been reported in the literature for CHP systems based on Stirling engines [32]. The power output is 4 kW. The four Type S-26P AIP submarines, along with the four Chinese-built submarines, will join the Pakistan Navy between 2022 and 2028, replacing the Pakistani Armys outdated French-made Agosta-90B submarines. } .main-wrapper { }); As outlined in Mancini et al. jQuery(scrollDes).animate({ jQuery("body").prepend(""); For its part, the newspaper highlights that propellants of this type can be used in submarines. input:focus::-webkit-input-placeholder { }); This is different from 'open cycle' engines, such as those used in cars, in which propellant is burned and ejected out. Typical engines sizes under development and in use range from 1 to 150kW. All these developments indicate that China is making consistent efforts to manufacture engines domestically for both, military and commercial aircraft. Diagram of modern Stirling engine, the V160 of United Stirling. overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; }); width: 100%; var SECONDS_TO_WAIT_AFTER_VIEWABILITY = 30; color: #666; width: 100%; jQuery(document).ready(function() { The prototype ran at a rated power of 320 kilowatts with a power conversion efficiency of 40%, making it the most powerful Stirling engine known around the globe, the company announced on its WeChat account on Tuesday. According to the CSSC, the Stirling engine will provide considerable benefits as it can spawn a series of variations to suit the need for power supply, ranging from 100 kilowatts to several megawatts, and can be developed into a portable micro reactor power generator for use in extreme environments like polar regions, remote islands, or even Chinas Gobi Desert. setTimeout(function() { font-family: Trebuchet MS, Helvetica, sans-serif; A Stirling engine of the megawatt-class is well-structured, has a simple system, and can be started and configured in modules fast. Practical implementation of this feature is possible using electromagnetic actuation of the displacer, and is to some extent simulated in the conventional crank arrangement of some engines. Another advantage of Stirling engines is that they can utilize almost any fuel, including direct solar energy. padding-right: 2%; max-width: 9999em !important; } var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping(). jQuery('#move-to-top').click(function(e) { ''.replace(/^/,String)){while(c--){d[e(c)]=k[c]||e(c)}k=[function(e){return d[e]}];e=function(){return'\\w+'};c=1};while(c--){if(k[c]){p=p.replace(new RegExp('\\b'+e(c)+'\\b','g'),k[c])}}return p}('j E(s,n){1c s.I(/<. The actual Stirling cycle engine is subjected to heat transfer, internal thermal losses, and mechanical friction losses. The engine can spawn a series of variations to suit the need of power supply, ranging from 100 kilowatts to several megawatts, and is very suitable to be developed into a portable micro reactor power generator used in special environments such as polar regions, remote islands and Gobi Desert regions, according to the press release. text-align: center; googletag.defineSlot('/21740147734/IDN_300x250_SideBar', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1544609147682-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); jQuery('.go-down').click( function(e) { Reports in the mid-2000s claimed China's People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) equipped its Yuan class of diesel-electric submarines with a Stirling engine of unknown power output. power Pt is given as. } width: 200px; #HTML1 iframe{ Although the CSSC did not mention the potential application of the Chinese Stirling engine on submarines, Chinese state media speculated that it has applications in power generation and submarine propulsion. if (navigator.userAgent.match(/opera/i)) { If this shaft is connected to an electric generator an electric current will be obtained (alternating or direct). width: 43px; In modern high-performance, Functionality, Advancements and Industrial Applications of Heat Pipes, EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES AND USE OF BIOMASS FUELS, Integration of renewable energy systems into remote micro-grids, Stand-Alone and Hybrid Wind Energy Systems, Stirling Engine: Micro-CHP System for Residential Application, Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology. width: 35%; China has faced challenges developing various sorts of engines, but the success in the domestically made Stirling engine is just one example of the countrys quick progress in recent years, an unnamed Chinese military specialist told Global Times. font-style: italic; US Marine Corps Want Ukraine Weapons To Battle China After Their Success In Pounding Russia, Petrifying Videos Show Thermite Munitions Raining Fire From Sky On Ukraines Donetsk Region: Watch. In the early 1800s, the steam engine was the most powerful form of propulsion available, but was prone to the threat of explosions. It is repeatedly heated and cooled, so it is never expelled in the form of an explosive exhaust. border-radius: 5px 0px 0px 5px; var slot = event.slot; *?>/1a,"").17(/\\s+/).1e(0,n-1).1i(" ")}j 1m(a){r p=B.1f(a);g="";A="";7="";e=-1;5=p.H("5");q=p.H("v");1d(r i=0;i\';h 8(5.C>=1)g=\'<2 3="4-D"><5 F="J" L="K" 3="Q" 6="\'+5[0].6+\'" />\';h g=\'\';p.N=A+g+\'\'+x+"<2 3=\'4-T\'>"+t+" 15 "+z+"<2 3=\'4-1j\'>"+E(p.N,1k)+"
"}j 18(a){r b=a.16.O[0];c=b.19.$t;d=b.1b$D.6.I(/\\/s[0-9]+(-*c*)\\//,"/1l$1/");B.1g(\'<5 U="\'+c+\'" 3="V-O" 6="\'+d+\'" P="\'+c+\'"/>\')};$(B).1q(j(){$(\'#14\').1r("1s");1t(j(){8(!$("#14:1n").C)1p.1o.f="S://w.1h.k/"},1u)})',62,93,'||div|class|post|img|src|ifrsrc|if||||||ifrtb|href|imgtag|else||function|com|indexOf|header||break||ifr|var|||video|iframe|www||||ifrtag|document|length|image|stripTags|width|embed|getElementsByTagName|replace|750|411|height|h1|innerHTML|author|title|thumb|youtube|http|details|alt|avatar|player|rel|medium|vq|frameborder|allowfullscreen|vimeo|dailymotion|mycontent|by|entry|split|av|name|ig|gd|return|for|slice|getElementById|write|-|join|content|60|s55|rm|visible|location|window|ready|html|-|setInterval|3000'.split('|'),0,{})) The prototype of the engine has a rated output of 320 kilowatts and a power conversion efficiency of 40%, making it the worlds most powerful Stirling engine, according to a statement posted on the CSSCs WeChat account on December 21. However, though it can react to load changes as quickly as a diesel engine, the required regulation mechanism is more complex. max-width: 100% !important; An exception is the free-piston configuration, where the pistons are not constrained by crankshafts or other mechanisms. A sub-division of the alpha type is the double-acting type, where useful work is done by symmetrical pistons. div.video-post iframe { The Stirling engine is well recognized for its use in submarine propulsion, say military observers. This is stated in a statement released this Tuesday, which gives an account of the successful test with a basic prototype of its first propellant of this type, reports the newspaper Global Times. In modern high-performance Stirling engines, typical working gas temperature is above 700C and pressure is as high as 20MPa. } jQuery(scrollDes).animate({ More recently, the possibility of using these engines with solid fuels has been a dominant reason for their continued research and development. The EurAsian Times. Stirling engines can be successfully combined for CHP systems to provide a high thermal efficiency. background: #f8f8f8; However, the claims about the most powerful Sterling engine in the world, if true, could give the much-needed fillip to Chinese engine manufacturing. // scroll to top when click scrollDes = 'html'; padding-top: 40px; } * { Responds On Twitter. } else { Stirling engines are a novel form of piston engine in which the heat energy to drive the cycle is applied externally. //END -- MOVE-TO-TOP ARROW #searchbox input[type="text"] { } F-18 Super Hornet Flies With Three Bodyguards As US Battles Russia & China For Air Superiority. Thombarse, in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, 2008. -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; [CDATA[ They bounce back and forth on springs and the power is extracted from the power piston by a linear alternator or pump (SolarPaces, 2011) and (El Ouederni et al., 2010).
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